Eugenol, a naturally occurring compound primarily found in clove oil and its derivatives possess a diverse range of pharmacological properties that make them valuable in various applications. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted roles of eugenol and its derivatives, highlighting their potential across pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, personal care products and industrial applications. Eugenol exhibits notable analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-allergic, anticancer, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects. These properties are supported by rigorous safety and efficacy standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO), which includes guidelines for pharmaceutical use, acceptable daily intake levels for food flavoring and safety protocols for personal care products and occupational exposure. The review underscores the versatility of eugenol, illustrating its significant therapeutic and consumer applications while emphasizing the importance of adhering to WHO guidelines to ensure safe and effective use. Overall, eugenol and its derivatives represent a promising area of research and application, offering substantial benefits when used responsibly and within established safety parameters.
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